What is Ambiguous Loss and How to Cope with it
Photo by Karim MANJRA on Unsplash
How to Manage Loss You Can Feel But Cannot See
By: Craig A. DeLarge
In nearly two decades of caregiving for a loved one with a serious illness, I have experienced feelings of loss, grief, guilt, anger, and fear that I have not been able to shake, though time, education, and community have helped me to cope better. I have come to understand my sense of loss to be ambiguous loss (AL)—a situation distinguished by a lack of facts or certainty about the loss of a loved one and/or the life we once knew.
My name is Craig DeLarge. I am a mental health educator who normally focuses on ways digital technology can help people build resilience. Since learning about rare disease and meeting caregivers of people who live with rare diseases, I have been curious about how AL affects the resilience of people dealing with these conditions.
Ambiguous Loss (AL) is a type of loss defined by uncertainty that our loved one will come back or ever be who they used to be. With a loss of this nature, there is often no social acknowledgement that a loss has occurred, and thus no normal way to cope and grieve. A particularly helpful resource for me has been Ambiguous Loss by Pauline Boss, PhD, Professor Emeritus at University of Minnesota. In addition to defining the concept of AL, Dr. Boss’s research offers coping strategies for a situation that causes immeasurable pain and suffering for many people.
There are two main types of AL. In the first scenario, the loss is due to physical absence, but loved ones lack facts about the person’s absence. Examples include experiences of abandonment or a missing persons scenario. Immigrants, adoptees, and loved ones of someone who is incarcerated may also experience this type of AL. The second kind of AL involves situations in which someone is physically present, but psychologically absent. Living with an emotionally distant, ill, injured, or disabled loved one can cause this kind of AL. Both types of loss may be experienced in a rare disease situation, depending on the nature of the disease and the circumstances that emerge.
AL is unique in that people facing this kind of loss are denied traditional closure rituals and acknowledgements, like memorials and respite periods, as well as typical social support and bereaved status. They are expected to carry on as usual, and may be stigmatized when they do not. Because they are human, of course people affected by AL deal with grief, doubt, guilt, anger, fear, hopelessness, isolation, exhaustion, ambivalence, denial, and a host of other difficult emotions. They also struggle with role conflicts and boundaries for themselves and their loved ones. The ambiguity they face is often immobilizing, which can lead to even more crisis. Because the effects of AL can be far-reaching, healing interventions tend to be family and community oriented.
C. Grace Whiting, President of the National Alliance for Caregiving, described AL compellingly in a recent interview. "For many caregivers, we talk about the strain of the activities or tasks, but I think the part that's really challenging is that sense of complicated grief. A sense of loss for what your life could be like if this person didn't have the disease or disability...grieving not just the loss of opportunity, but maybe plans you had for the future, changes to the relationship, even wondering if you'll still have a good relationship if you take on this caregiving role."
The good news is that there are effective coping strategies for individuals dealing with AL, including:
Developing a sense of acceptance of loss and ambiguity. Dr. Boss calls this "ease with imperfection.” Here we find ways to hold a space for accepting that certain aspects of life may have changed for good, and others may be indefinitely in a state of turbulence we had not planned for. We discover we are capable of bearing more than we thought possible. When coaching caregivers, I often say, "It’s hard, but alas, not impossible."
Discerning and mastering what can be controlled. Even as we develop acceptance, we should also continually take stock of what we can control and master. In this act of taking stock, we commit to continually developing knowledge, skills, and relationships that make us more masterful over time.
Seeking refuge in "connected" communities. It can be extremely helpful to cultivate a community of peers and even professionals who will support us on our journey of acceptance and mastery. Such a group can help us understand and reframe our perceptions of AL to help us find meaning in a difficult situation.
Adopting mindfulness practices. Mindfulness, which can be as simple as paying attention to the present moment, helps us balance our perceptions of our situation. It can afford us deep insights into what we need to do for ourselves and our families amid the hardship, while also helping us acknowledge the blessings in every moment of our challenging situation.
It has been my personal experience that these coping strategies work, especially when used in combination—but though only through patient, persistent practice. There may be no silver bullets here, but there are many silver linings.
Resources for more information:
Ambiguous Loss: Learning to Live with Unresolved Grief by Pauline G. Boss.
Video Summary of Ambiguous Loss Book Discussion by Craig DeLarge: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqHjin-DJco5BWFK8kyZFrrm1kYDmY8ai
OnBeing, Interview with Dr. Pauline Boss on Navigating Loss without Closure: Pauline Boss — Navigating Loss Without Closure - The On Being Project
C. Grace Whiting Cares About Those Caring for Others by Julie Pfitzinger, November 19, 2020.
Coping With 'Ambiguous Loss' is Part of the New Normal by Brandon Jones, November 9, 2020.
Sarcoidosis and Quality of Life: A Dissertation — Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research [Author’s note: this article describes a case of AL in rare disease]
About the Author
Craig A. DeLarge is a digital health strategist, mental health advocate and educator, and leadership professor and coach. He works to improve health and develop leaders, these days, at WiseWorking Leadership Coaching, LLC, The Digital Mental Health Project, and Temple University. He lives in Philadelphia.
